Understanding Static Typing and Strong Typing

This is one of those things that I seem to keep learning an then forgetting so I thought it would be a great topic for a blog post! The question here is, "What's the difference between static typing and strong typing?".

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When Curiosity Brings You Down a Rabbit Hole

This is an interesting topic that came up when I started looking into working with Scala. Although when I almost always default to "thinking in   imperative code" I am a huge Clojure / ClojureScript fan and have been trying to get more into functional languages, especially those that are high performance and compile to JavaScript (hence why I was checking out the Scala.js page). Anyway, at the bottom of that page was a table with some curious information:

I'm also a huge fan of TypeScript (especially for Angular 2 and Node.js projects), and I was under the impression that TypeScript was a strongly typed language. However, in this chart above it states that TypeScript has "support for types" but not a "strong type system". Huh? What's going on here?

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The Semantics of Strong and Static

A quick Google search for, "what's the difference between static typing and strong typing?" brings up a whole slew of information, including a few very informative stack overflow posts.

This stack overflow question:
 (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2690544/what-is-the-difference-between-a-strongly-typed-language-and-a-statically-typed ) has a great #1 answer by Norman Ramsey. He explains how static typing refers to the types being checked at compile time. Interestingly, he says that there is no agreed upon definition for strongly typed although he notes that the most widely used definition for strong typing is that, "it is not possible for the programmer to work around the restrictions imposed by the type system".   

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2351190/static-dynamic-vs-strong-weak

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system#STATIC

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2690544/what-is-the-difference-between-a-strongly-typed-language-and-a-statically-typed

​https://www.scala-js.org/

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var something = 1;
something = "Foo";
something = {"Something", 5.5};

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int foo = 1;
System.out.print("My name is" + foo);

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